SPRING-2 the future of antiretroviral therapy.

In the past 25 years, the antiretroviral management of HIV-infection has revolutionised the prognosis of people with HIV. From a universally fatal illness in its fi rst decade, HIV has become a readily manageable disorder. In settings where access to antiretroviral therapy is subsidised, the prognosis for good health of a person with HIV can be measured in decades. Eff ective antiretrovirals are now available in fi ve independent drug classes in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries access is more restricted, with access to drugs in three classes in publicly-funded programmes, but with hopes to extend this number to four. In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, François Raffi and colleagues present the 96 week outcomes of the SPRING-2 study. Results from this randomised, double-blind trial show non-inferior effi cacy of once-daily dolutegravir to twice-daily raltegravir in treatment-naive participants with HIV-1 infection over 96 weeks, with a similar safety profi le and no evidence of emergent resistance to dolutegravir in those showing virological failure. Our knowledge of the optimum use of antiretroviral combinations has inevitably been constrained by the pathways of clinical development required to gain regulatory approval. We have a very good understanding of the comparative performance of various anchor agents combined with nucleoside or nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in fi rstline therapy. However, the various combinations of drugs possible are more extensive, and the time has come time for us to understand how conventional combination regimens perform compared with feasible and potentially attractive alternatives. A couple of issues need to be addressed. First, we need to test the place of nucleoside or nucleotide reversetranscriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy. Recent studies have suggested that although many treatment providers are uncomfortable not including drugs from this class in any regimen, this feeling is based more on belief than on science. Another issue is that of pharmacokinetic boosting. Although a neat solution to the problem of the short half-life of the protease inhibitors and elvitegravir, the cost of drug interactions, metabolic dysfunction, and the unknown long-term consequences of interfering with normal hepatic metabolism with boosted regimens demands our concern and attention. What is the potential for potent, tolerable, and safe combination antiretroviral regimens that do not need nucleoside or nucleotide reversetranscriptase inhibitors or pharmacokinetic boosting? Could dual combination therapies such as once-daily dolutegravir and rilpivirine or once-daily dolutegravir and unboosted atazanavir off er potent, tolerable, safe, and durable antiretroviral regimens in the future? With its high barrier to resistance, what about dolutegravir monotherapy? Dolutegravir has the potential to have a major eff ect in low-income and middle-income countries, in which most HIV infections exist. At the Seventh International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Teatment, and Prevention (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 30–July 3, 2013), WHO launched its new, consolidated guidelines for the use of antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV. WHO now recommends a preferred single-tablet regimen of efavirenz 600 mg plus tenofovir disoproxil fumerate 300 mg plus lamivudine 300 mg for those starting antiretroviral treatment. While the cost of this single tablet regimen is quite cheap (US$139 per person per year for a qualityassured generically manufactured product), further reductions in cost are constrained by the relatively high doses of active pharmaceutical ingredient required (the total active pharmaceutical ingredient for the single tablet regimen is 1200 mg). Antiretroviral combinations with newer drugs conferring proven effi cacy at lower doses might provide not only attractive and more aff ordable alternatives but also greater tolerability and safety into the bargain, and thereby greater cost-eff ectiveness. For instance, assuming that the phase 3 development of tenofovir alafenamide fumerate (TAF), a novel prodrug of tenofovir, 25 mg daily is successful (ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT01797445), one can conceive a single-tablet regimen of dolutegravir 50 mg plus TAF 25 mg plus lamivudine 300 mg for a total active pharmaceutical ingredient of 375 mg, which is less than a third that of the currently recommended single-tablet regimen. Although antiretroviral pricing is more complex than this simple comparison implies, and the companies who own dolutegravir and TAF have an important stake in the price of their products in all settings, the Published Online September 25, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(13)70194-4